Salem Witch Trials-Motivation In History - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1308 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/05/17 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Salem Witch Trials Essay Did you like this example? Salem Massachusetts, colonial United states, 1692. A young country still growing and unsteady. A place for the unwanted in England, a place of refuge. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Salem Witch Trials-Motivation In History" essay for you Create order Among other outcasts there were the Puritans, a group of people that practiced puritanism. They lived their lives directly through the bible. Their ministers and priests held more power than the government. Their religion strongly believed in witches and witchcraft, that the devil was always lurking. If there was a bad harvest, illness or storms they would blame witches and the devil. A few accusations started appearing throughout the town, people being possessed and dealing with the devil. This caused mass hysteria to spread wildly. It all began in the spring of 1692, when a group of young girls were caught in the woods. They said they were possessed by the devil, they accused several women of being witches and enchanting them. This causes a wave of hysteria to sweep across Salem and surrounding towns. It began with Elizabeth Parris and Abigail WIlliams being diagnosed that they had been bewitched. Soon after other girls in the village also began to show symptoms of bewitchment, such as uncontrollable outbursts, odd speech and fits of screaming. The girls and their families blamed Tituba, a slave and homeless woman, Sarah Good and also the elderly, childless Sarah Osborne. Notice all these women were of the lower class of people at the time, used as a scapegoat. The trials soon began to overwhelm the court system so William Phips, the new governor established a new Court of Oyer to rule over witchcraft cases. Eventually nineteen people were hanged after being accused of practicing witchcraft. Around 150 other people were accused, in 1693 May Phips pardoned and therefore released all people imprisoned under witchcraft charges. But it wasnt until 1711 when the good names were restored for those convicted. The effects of such a panic are still riddled throughout the town of Salem, Massachusetts to this day. There were a multitude of outside factors that all mixed together to allow something as horrifying as these trials were to occur. To begin, the primary religion practiced in Salem and surrounding towns was Puritanism; An extremely strict and unforgiving religion that was strongly superstitious. They believed that if they if you sinned even once you were condemned to hell, that is a lot of pressure, constantly walking on eggshells. So when young girls started behaving oddly, they claimed to have been possessed by witches, I believe because they were afraid of the consequences that would come if they were being honest and just came forward about what they were actually doing the woods. Practicing Puritanism means you must live in a heightened sense of awareness of all of your actions. I believe there must immense pressure to never do wrong, so if you were caught in a sin you would try to blame it on something else, to make it not your fault. I also believe that what caused this to blow so out of proportion and so quickly was hate. Once the trials started getting attention and people were being thrown in jail, neighbor would accuse neighbor because of disputes and feuds, not because they actual belief of practicing witchcraft. They knew if they accused them they would be shunned and suffer the consequences even if they werent convicted. Something else to keep in mind was the first three women accused of being witches were a slave, a beggar and an elderly poor woman, three easy targets. If you admitted to practicing witchcraft and came forward, you were spared your life, you had to live in prison but you could at least, live. But if there was a trial and you were con victed but continued to stress your innocence you would be hanged. So Tituba, most likely coming forward to save her own life, confessed. While the other two originally accused women denied their guilt. But Tituba, said there were others among her, she most likely said this to get a less severe jail sentence. There is also very convincing evidence of ergot poisoning, Ergot is a type of fungus that infects rye and thrives in warm swampy conditions, and according to the reports and diaries of Salem residents at the time it fits the conditions perfectly. This fungus causes symptoms such as muscle spasms, hallucinations and a few others, all coincidentally are present at the time of the bewitchings. This could give an explanation behind why people were so afraid. They were really were exhibiting symptoms that would certainly look like they were being possessed. It would give a very convincing sense of danger and especially to a kind of people who believe in these superstitions so whol eheartedly. I believe that the people in Salem had their reasons to be so afraid and act as they did. Now, what they did was horrific and wrong, but I believe the motivations behind everything were justified at the time. They did not have access to the type of information and science we do now. If the ergot poisoning actually happened that would give real convincing evidence of possessions. They would have had no other explanations, at the time besides witchcraft. In a community with a religion as strict and unforgiving as Puritanism caused the citizens were brainwashed and scared for their lives now and being sent to Hell in the afterlife. Giving the perfect environment for such fear and hate to grow out of control. Now fast forward to early 1950s U.S.A, theres a cold war standoff between the U.S and Soviet Russia, in an event known as the Red Scare. There was much fear that communist Soviet spies would infiltrate the United States and hold a serious threat to U.S security. There were executive orders and committees made to try and weed out and discover if there were any communist sympathizers working in the U.S government. There were blacklists created for many other industries, saying not to hire certain people because they might have been accused of being communist. U.S. Senator Joseph R. McCarthy pushed himself to the forefront of the anti communist battle. He would accuse celebrities and other political figures to destroy their reputation and careers. He abused his power to knock down his political competition, to take advantage of the climate of fear and untrust among political figures and U.S citizens. This compares to the Salem witch trials because as people around the community of Salem were accusing others of being witches the same thing was paralleled in early 1950s. With people living in fear that communism was going to take over their country. People were afraid of being wiretapped and feared being under surveillance. The motivations of certain political figures at the time also parallels how citizens of Salem treated each other. They would accuse for personal gain or hate rather than actual suspicion. They say history has a tendency to repeat itself, from back in the time when witches were thought to be terrorizing a town in colonial United states to a communist hunt in the 1950s. People will continue to be motivated by fear and hate for the rest of history, its human nature. What we can try to change is letting those motivations cloud our judgement of right and wrong. History continues to pay its respects to the 19 people put to death at Salem, a mistake that still hangs over the town to this day. Something good we can hope to count on is learning from our past mistakes, and let out motivations guide us towards doing good in the future. Theres nothing we can do to change the past to stop the fear, hysteria, pain and suffering. What we can do is continue to learn from our mistakes, and let our motivations guide us towards doing good in the future.

An Article Review Of “Memory Blindness Altered Memory

An Article Review of â€Å"Memory blindness: Altered memory reports lead to distortion in eyewitness memory† by Cochran et al. (2016) Introduction: Cochran et al (2016) provide a case study analysis of the temporal nature of memory in suspect lineups and crimes being investigated by law enforcement. The study involves a longitudinal evaluation of participants that are given evidence of a crime (through slideshows) that allows them to ascertain the criminal act or to choose a suspect in a lineup. At a later time, the participants are given altered information on the crime, which revealed a greatly distorted memory of the crimes that the participants did not remember. This misinformation was an attempt to trick the participants into affirming†¦show more content†¦Multiple-choice questionnaires were used for Experiment 1 to identify false answers. Experiment 2 was partially done online, which allowed the stu8dents to make choices without direct contact with the authors of the study. Analysis Results: Experiment 1 results found that many of the students failed to remember the initial data provided to them at the onset of the study, which provided the effect of misinformation on the memory of the participant: â€Å"These analyses revealed a significant main effect for misinformation items, F(1, 163) = 9.89, p = .002, ÃŽ ·p2 = .06, 90 % CI for effect size = [.01, .12] (Cochran et al, 2016, p.721). This data confirms that the students had not retained the original memory of the crimes committed, which resulted in a large-scale choice blindness. In this manner, the multiple –choice segment of this study exposed memory lapses as part of the re-evaluation process of the participant s memories. Therefore, misinformation was not properly identified in the remembrance of these criminal scenarios. Experiment 2 also proved successful for choice blindness in that the slide show provided for the students at the first-stage was altered in the second-stage. The author’s utilized a â€Å"target† and â€Å"filler† option for student’s to choose from, yet many of the students did not accurately remember theShow MoreRelatedThe Engineering of Human Genetics in Dreams and Nightmares Essay1274 Words   |  6 Pagesto map the human genome have instigated a great amount of opportunity to the potential manipulation of the basic elements of life. This potential had escalated to a reality by 2001, as the first genetically altered babies had been born and were confirmed by scientists to be genetically altered. These successful operations have sparked a mass overflow of possibility and further technological advancements with regard to human genetic modification (Whitehouse). While there is an enormous amount of potentialRead MoreThe Aging Process And Key Diseases Associated With Aging2223 Words   |  9 Pages402). 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Simulation in Architectural Research Free Essays

Simulation in Architectural Research Abstraction In the new universe of architectural research and determination, engineering has a chief function to play. With the aid of engineering it made possible in making practical universe which triggers many facts and findings for obtaining illations that helps in pulling decisions. This paper focuses on one of the research processes that are involved in the extroverted coevals of architectural research i. We will write a custom essay sample on Simulation in Architectural Research or any similar topic only for you Order Now e. architectural simulation research. The architectural simulation can be classified into pulling, exposure and different graduated table theoretical account. This research can be executed in similar lines with the conventional Logical Argumentation, Experimental Research and Qualitative Research in many ways. The paper besides focuses on the tactical portion of the different class of simulation research which deals with the features of simulation types. Keywords: Simulation ; Architectural research ; Architectural Photographs ; Architectural Models Introduction Simulation occurs when a reproduction of a existent universe context or a hypothesized existent universe context contains with in a dynamic interactions that are consequence of manipulated factors. The interactions are brooding of the interactions happening in the practical universe for application into the existent universe context [ 2 ] . In simple footings simulation is a procedure where one can compare the existent universe scenario by making practical universe. It may be minimized graduated table in existent universe or created by the package. There are points to be considered during the procedure of simulation as it proposed a practical world. It can give information to gauge the likely menaces, besides provides different types of analytical tools and reading interface for truth in simulation. This predicts the possible solutions that are effectual in extenuating unsafe conditions like natural jeopardies like temblor, tsunami, and air current factors etc. to gauge the likely me naces and provides different types of analytical tools and reading interface for truth in simulation as trades with graduated table and complexness. Computer engineering helps a batch in this research. It helps in stuff testing by practical simulation like fire-fighting, wind factor analysis, climatic alteration, temperature ordinance inside every bit good as outside the edifice etc. [ 1 ] . Scheme of Simulation Research Whenever simulation procedure has to be acquainted with architectural research, so it can be sub-divided into classs like pulling, picture taking every bit good as architectural theoretical accounts. It can be equipped with assorted applications depending on the practical demand of the fortunes. 2.1 Pulling for Simulation The procedure of design can be considered as the simulation research, as the reading of ideas and feeling of the research worker is involved. An designer ought to plan a edifice as per client’s demand, professional moralss and personal inventions. Series of test and mistake can be manipulated by the designers ; by maintaining in head the different factors like functional demand, structural stableness and delighting aesthetics along with clip and cost to finish the undertakings every bit good [ 2 ] . 2.2 Photographs for Simulation Photographic analysis is another manner of stand foring simulation in architecture. This is the procedure to understand the exposure and seek to associate it into existent universe scenario and happen out the relationship between the images into existent universe version. Photograph of one topographic point is being inter-related to the other built infinite which may be conceptually and contextually related. Many parametric quantities can be evolved from such photographic analyses. 2.3 Model for Simulation Different sorts of results can be obtained so as to cipher parametric quantities when there is a physical or practical theoretical account is entitled for rating. The influence of orientation of the edifice, Sun visible radiation, air current behaviour, all these can be calculated through edifice mold procedure. Scale physical theoretical account can be tested in the lab by the procedure of air current tunnel trial for proving air current form, BESTEST [ The Building Energy Simulation Test ] for ciphering the edifice energy consumption for a peculiar clip period and giving consequences to optimise it efficaciously. Different package like Design Builders, Ecotect analysis package etc. simplifies the undertaking to place the variable like DBT [ Dry Bulb Temperature ] , WBT [ Wet Bulb Temperature ] and humidness degree inside the suites etc. During the research procedure one can alter the parametric quantities and look into the computations for different chances and deduce the best opti on for deduction into the several site specific constructing design. Types of Simulation Research 3.1 Iconic In this sort of research testing of stuff or merchandises are executed with the aid of simulation oriented intercessions. The simulation chiefly involves in the procedure of altering variables limit, instead than alteration in stuffs for the simulation. 3.2 Analogous This sort of simulation occurs, when there is an existent or proposed physical system is carried by following comparative analysis matrix. This type of research includes the Model simulation by taking all the parametric quantities into consideration and compares the properties and impacts at the same time. 3.3 Operational When people are involved for determination devising procedure operational simulation happens. This theoretical account deals with peoples interaction with physical context but accent is more upon the informations generated by the function drama. This sort of simulation advantages by skit drama or some sort of act for bring forthing consciousness among people. Audiences are the variable parametric quantities who are altering their positions harmonizing to the emotional fond regard of the narrative in the practical universe which they relate to existent universe scenario [ 6 ] . 3.4 Mathematical System of figure coding that gaining controls existent universe relationships in quantifiable abstract values related to practical universe scenario. This mathematical simulation chiefly deals with the appraisal and costing of the edifice. While doing the entire preliminary budget of the undertaking many substitutions and combinations occurs between the pick of stuffs, labour and in break uping stat mi rock. All these available types of simulation research can be done with the aid of either physical or practical theoretical accounts. The constructs are same but the analysis or the results may be changing as all these are involved in different parametric quantities and different state of affairss [ 2 ] . Simulation and relation with other types of research 4.1 Relationship between Simulation Research and Logical Argumentation Research The logical debate research explains the dynamic interactions and relationships but can non really show them. But the simulation research is designed to ordain a peculiar instance or at most of limited figure of instance specimen of the general theory. [ 2 ] 4.2 Relationship between Simulation Research and Experimental Research Experimental research isolates a context and identifies a peculiar variable that can be manipulated to see how it affects with other variables. Experimental research is more related to iconic simulation research. But simulation research recognizes that cause-effect relationships are normally is non clear in existent universe context which ever involve probabilistic factor [ 2 ] . Experimental research involves the realistic attack of happening the factor associated with the concerned undertaking whereas the simulation research merely gives us a practical acknowledgment of naming the undertaking aspects. 4.3 Relationship between Simulation Research and Qualitative Research Simulation research involves carry oning interviews which are held on-line, look intoing records accurately and in a shorter span of clip. Checking paperss or other sort of field-works which are chiefly supposed to be qualitative research oriented [ 2 ] . Tactical Concern Retroflexing the existent universe scenario simulation research has some restrictions. Wayss to get the better of such mistakes becomes an built-in portion of tactics. The Strategic tactics are: Accuracy in reproduction is besides a affair of concern in this process [ 3 ] ; Data mistake is a liability that is sometimes found in such procedures ; co-ordination job may besides originate if there is improper balance in executing ; duplicate of informations or wrongly placed informations or incorrect input of informations is sometimes caused by manual mistakes which is conventionally a drawback in simulation procedures. Output printing/ patterning mistakes are besides possible in such a scenario [ 4 ] . Characteristic of Simulation Research 6.1 Strength of Simulation Research Simulation research is capturing the complexness of existent universe behaviours i.e. natural and societal behaviours. It provides a assortment of ways of understanding the future behaviours of a context i.e. form and projection of behaviours. It provides harmoniousness between logical debate research, qualitative research, and experimental research and keeps a changeless relationship between them [ 5 ] . 6.2 Weakness of Simulation Research Simulation research replicates a existent universe scenario but there is no confidence of completeness of the research in a jutting agenda. This attack may non carry through the kernel demand of an entreaty. There might be many calculating mistakes possible during this procedure [ 6 ] . The deficiency of truth might be ensuing in certain proficient liabilities in the scenario. This research is costlier than other type of research. The disbursal undertaken in this phenomenal procedure is comparatively high and therefore the installing disbursals are besides well dearly-won. The clip taken by such a procedure is besides really long. It consumes literally more clip to take attention of every agreeableness of this procedure which would linger the entire docket to a longer period of clip. Decision Architectural simulation research can be in effectual instrumental tool in appropriate and instance specific design processes, as it infers possible parametric quantities derived out of assorted research faculties. Architectural simulation research helps in streamlining terminal user penchants and impacts by act uponing proper design deductions such as: Analysis of air pollutant scattering is identified utilizing atmospheric scattering mold in edifice industry ; Design of Noise barriers to consequence roadway noise extenuation is besides one of these attacks ; It mitigates the backgrounds of acoustical mistakes in a design ; Weather prediction is besides a part of simulations in today’s practical universe ; The information and about accurate anticipations of conditions and clime are made with the aid of put to deathing simulation placing techniques in certain instruments to retain the value of climate feature of a topographic point ; Live Forecasting of monetary values on fisc al markets and stock markets is an intimal extent of simulations in engineering ; Behavior of constructions [ such as edifices and industrial parts ] under emphasis and other conditions are besides estimated via simulations ; This phenomenon is utile in set abouting the stableness confidence of a construction ; Designs of industrial procedures, such as chemical processing workss are possible due to it ; Strategic Management and Organizational Studies are managed decently by these procedures ; Urban Simulation Models that simulate dynamic forms of urban development and responses to urban land usage and transit policies ; Traffic technology utilizes it to be after or redesign parts of the street web from individual junctions over metropoliss to a national main road web, for transit system planning, design and operations ; Modeling edifices clangs to prove safety mechanisms in new edifice theoretical accounts is an alien end product of the simulation oriented technological promotion. Mentions Fraser, M. [ 2013 ] . Design Research in Architecture an Overview. London: Ashgate. Groat, L. N. , A ; Wang, D. [ 2013 ] . Architectural Research Methods, 2nd Edition. Wiley. Hughes, R. , A ; Tanna, S. [ 2013 ] . Specifications of GPST Stage 3: Written and Simulation Exercises. Jp Medical Ltd. Lin, L. H. [ 2011 ] . Specifications of Advanced Research on Computer Education, Simulation and Modeling. Springer. Marans, D. S. [ 2013 ] . Specifications of Environmental Simulation: Research and Policy Issues. Springer Us. Sharma, S. C. [ 2006 ] . Specifications of Operation Research: Simulation and Replacement Theory, Discovery Publishing House. How to cite Simulation in Architectural Research, Essay examples

The Moment Of Truth Happy Ending Essay Example For Students

The Moment Of Truth: Happy Ending Essay Wake up, breakfast is ready!   Mum shouted from the staircase, You will be late for your flight!   I excitedly but reluctantly went to the bathroom to freshen up. Morning mum, hey Dad!   I said as I took a piece of sandwich and sat next to my little brother Mike. I and my best friend Kamdy were going on a two weeks trip to visit my grandparents in South Africa. My parents thought it was a good idea to send me to my grandparents as a surprise for the great performance I had in school last spring. So I was deep in thoughts imagining what South Africa looks like, their food and culture when I was suddenly brought back to reality by my parents argument. Isabel, you should learn to be less negative about Africa. It is really a nice place  , Dad said. Sweetie, I am only talking from experience. Though the place is nice, your parents never welcomed me into their home  , Mum said. Although Mum is my role model, I knew that interacting with her in-laws was something she was not good at. She is kind of an introvert who would like to stay out of trouble and undergo any kind of difficulty to protect her kids. She made sure she brought us up without a silver spoon. On the other hand, Dad would buy the world for us and provide us with money to make sure we were satisfied. Melisa, are you ready for your speech?   Mr. Andrew asked. He loved Literature and therefore he thought it for living. Mr. Andrew is a tall, skinny, good-looking man from the Upper East Side of Manhattan who loved and like being around kids. He always had his geek glasses on, smiling and showing off those teeth of his that were as white as snow. He is kind, a good listener and was also ready to learn from his students. But there was a problem; he was going to clock forty and have not found himself a bride. I knew deep down inside me that it was his greatest challenge. But why has he not got married yet?   I asked myself. Poor him! He was always eating from the vending machine. Maybe I and Kamdy should surprise him with a well-balanced meal one of these days  , I thought to myself. Oliver Twist is the story of a young orphan, Oliver, and his attempts to stay good in a society that refuses to help  , I read out to the class. . The class was such a brief one. I guess Mr. Andrew understood literature was boring so he let us leave earlier than expected. We all headed up to the cafeteria where you will come across different students with their mode of dressing and their eating habits. The dining hall was divided into three different categories; the geeks and nerds, the jerks and the popular kids. The geeks and nerds were the book worms. They always ate in a wired way. Trying to figure out the chemistry of the food; how the food was prepared, the ingredients and so on. You would see them at times eating, reading and whispering to themselves. You can never hear a word of what they are saying. On the other hand, the jerks were opposite of the nerds. They would dance and scream to the top of their voices while eating. As it is said, Empty vessels make most noise  , that was their definition. The jerks always threw food items to students while passing their table so students were careful of annoying them in order to avoid the embarrassment. Last, were the popular kids, my category, were students ate like the food was poisoned. They are the picky eaters that ate some and wasted the remainder. I never really liked this group; it had the bitches that looked down on other students. .uf32ba8361517486127264984f1f4e4fa , .uf32ba8361517486127264984f1f4e4fa .postImageUrl , .uf32ba8361517486127264984f1f4e4fa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf32ba8361517486127264984f1f4e4fa , .uf32ba8361517486127264984f1f4e4fa:hover , .uf32ba8361517486127264984f1f4e4fa:visited , .uf32ba8361517486127264984f1f4e4fa:active { border:0!important; } .uf32ba8361517486127264984f1f4e4fa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf32ba8361517486127264984f1f4e4fa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf32ba8361517486127264984f1f4e4fa:active , .uf32ba8361517486127264984f1f4e4fa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf32ba8361517486127264984f1f4e4fa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf32ba8361517486127264984f1f4e4fa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf32ba8361517486127264984f1f4e4fa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf32ba8361517486127264984f1f4e4fa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf32ba8361517486127264984f1f4e4fa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf32ba8361517486127264984f1f4e4fa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf32ba8361517486127264984f1f4e4fa .uf32ba8361517486127264984f1f4e4fa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf32ba8361517486127264984f1f4e4fa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Death Penalty: To Be or Not to Be... EssayThough I hated this group for their snobby altitude towards others, I could not resist being their mist because of my golf game. The group consisted of students that participated in different sports like the football, soccer, the cheers, the basketball team, and the golf team in which I took part in. Disgusting! Ty just puked! Ty was the schools bully; he was as big as a cow. He could eat a pot of food and ask for more. He always sat alone and never had any friend because of his size. I took my food to the extreme end of the room where there was less drama. Hey guys  , I said as I sat close to my best friend Kamdy. We all ar e going to bring back the trophy this season  , Michael said courageously, we will not allow the Lagoons get away with it. Michael was one of the golf player was ready to sacrifice his money for the game. He was an only spoilt child of his parents. As being one of the students that always brought back the trophy and gold medals every season, I knew we had to put in our best in other to get this years golf trophy. Pasta was not that bad for lunch  , I thought to myself as I made my way through the hall way for the next period. Lucius! Lucius!!! Wait up. Hope you are ready to lead us this season? You will remain the captain as long as the team is standing  , I said as we made our way to the math class. Lucius was the calm and hilarious team captain, a Christian who worshipped in non-denim nous churches. We made him the team captain because of these great personalities of his. Hello class, most of your performances was not as good as the previous test  , Mr. Thompson said. Though math was my favorite, Mr. Thompson was my worst teacher. He teaches well but he had some personal character he needed to amend. He was more of a troublemaker who eats while teaching and other his students not to eat. As he always says, I am in charge of this class; you can eat when you leave  . Students said that he was funny when you get close to him but getting close was the least thing I would ever imagine. He passed the script out to the class. I could see the negative remarks on the students face as they got hold of their papers. I screamed on seeing my paper, I made a D  . How am I going to face Mum? Dad will definitely understand, he is a golf person but I had no good reason for dropping drastically in class. B was not an option in my family, you have to get an A in your courses or you never talk about your extra curriculum. Melisa, you got detention after school  , said Mr. Thompson. I saw that coming because I could not answer the arithmetic he told me to solve. Freak   I said regrettably as I walked pass the professor. I felt really pissed off and had to figure out a way to make up for my grades. Detention was the worst place to spend for the rest of the day. It was like hell on earth. The detention room was found at the end of the building close to the dirtiest restroom in school. Everything was wrong with this room; the filthy smell that was oozing out of the room, the way students in the room mopped at anyone who came into room, the way they interacted with one another, that is, some were shouting to the top of their voices and others whispering. What was wrong with me? Why was everything around me getting so messed up?   I kept on asking myself. It was the second time in three days I found myself in this same place, the detention room. I spent an hour and some minutes in the room. The end of the semester alongside with the game was fast coming to an end and I felt like I had not achieved anything. .u6cbda564a218c3d798819bcc07789a1d , .u6cbda564a218c3d798819bcc07789a1d .postImageUrl , .u6cbda564a218c3d798819bcc07789a1d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6cbda564a218c3d798819bcc07789a1d , .u6cbda564a218c3d798819bcc07789a1d:hover , .u6cbda564a218c3d798819bcc07789a1d:visited , .u6cbda564a218c3d798819bcc07789a1d:active { border:0!important; } .u6cbda564a218c3d798819bcc07789a1d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6cbda564a218c3d798819bcc07789a1d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6cbda564a218c3d798819bcc07789a1d:active , .u6cbda564a218c3d798819bcc07789a1d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6cbda564a218c3d798819bcc07789a1d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6cbda564a218c3d798819bcc07789a1d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6cbda564a218c3d798819bcc07789a1d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6cbda564a218c3d798819bcc07789a1d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6cbda564a218c3d798819bcc07789a1d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6cbda564a218c3d798819bcc07789a1d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6cbda564a218c3d798819bcc07789a1d .u6cbda564a218c3d798819bcc07789a1d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6cbda564a218c3d798819bcc07789a1d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How Historical Architecture Elements Have Been Destroyed Analysis EssaySo I sacrificed my part time job as a sales girl at Wal-Mart in other to help my professors in cleaning up their offices and arranging students files for extra credit. I knew that the game had got into my head that I became less concerned about studying. It was award giving day and I was nervous on seeing my parents because I was scared that I was not going to be given any award for the section. I was between the devils basket and the deep blue sea to an extent that I wished to kick the bucket at the moment or the ground opening up to swallow me. The long awaited time came for the award of courses to be given out and to my greatest surprise; I made the top ten in Science, English and Math. Being among the top ten was what I least expected because I had never gone below third in the school. Then I realized that it pays to try hard to get whatever you seek for. Last but not the least, we made it through the game  , Lucius said to the rejoicing crowd. It was such an amazing day that my parents let me pick out the restaurant I wanted to have my lunch. The Doves (my team mates and I), had an after party at the captains house to celebrate our unbeatable success. That spring section thought me never to play with my studies (Summer break) Ding Dong  , the house bell rang. Melisa  , in mums normal calm tone, called out to me, Kamdy is here  . Good morning Mr. and Mrs. Fields   as light- skinned colored Kamdy greeted my parents and made her way to Menorah, my baby sister. I reached out for my luggage and beaded my family goodbye. South Africa here we come  , I said to Kamdy as we boarded the flight

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Electroencephalogram Test on Alcoholics and Non Alcoholics INTRODUCTION The electroencephalogram (EEG) is a measurement of the electrical activity in the patients brain. This electrical activity is produced by the firing of neurons (a nerve cell) within the brain and varies from patient to patient. In 1875, English physician Richard Caton discovered the presence of electrical activity in the brain; however, it was not until German neurologist Han Berger in 1924 used his ordinary radio equipment to amplify the brains electrical activity so he could record it on paper. He noticed that rhythmic changes in brain waves varied with the individuals state of consciousness (sleep, anesthesia, epilepsy) and that various regions of the brain do not emit the same brain wave frequency simultaneously. (http://www.bio-medical.com). The EEG was given its name by Berger who used the German term elektrenkephalogramm to describe the graphical representation of the electrical currents generated in the brain. The scientific community of Bergers time did not believe the concl usions he made and it took another five years until his conclusions could be verified through experimentation by Edgar Douglas Adrian and B.C.H Matthews. These experiments made head-waves and other scientists began studying the field and in 1936 W. Gray Walter demonstrated that this technology could be used to pinpoint a brain tumor. He used a large number of small electrodes that he pasted to the scalp and found that brain tumors caused areas of abnormal electrical activity. (Romanowski 1999) and http://www.ebme.co.uk. The brain is the central part of the nervous system, which is the most complicated system in the body. It is an intriguing organ that has been studied right from the time of brain development in the fetus. The human brain weighs about 1.5kg in adults. The cerebrum, which forms the bulk of the brain, is divided into two hemispheres, the right hemisphere and the left hemisphere. Each hemisphere of the brain interacts with one half of the body, but for unknown reasons, it is the right side that controls the left half of the body and the left half of the brain that controls the right half of the body. However, in most people, the left hemisphere of the brain is involved in language and creativeness, while the right side of the brain is more involved in understanding and judgment. The cerebrum, which is located in the forebrain, is the largest part of the human brain and is associated with higher brain functions such as thought and action. The cerebral cortex is divided into four sections called lobes. These include: the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe and temporal lobe. The frontal lobe is associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement and problem solving. The parietal lobe is associated with movement, orientation, recognition and perception of stimuli. The occipital lobe is associated with visual processing and the temporal lobe is associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory and speech. (Khan 2009). Over the years with advancements in technology EEG electrodes, amplifiers and output devices were improved and scientists learned the best places to put the electrodes and how to diagnose its conditions. They also discovered how to create electrical maps to produce an image of the brains surface and today EEG machines have multiple channels, computer storage memories and specialized software that can create an electrical map of the brain. (Romanowski 1999). EEG has come a long way since its inception more than 100 years ago and it is used primarily in studying the properties of cerebral and neural networks in neurosciences (Michel et al. 2004). It is used to monitor the neurodevelopment and sleep patterns of infants in the intensive care unit and ultimately enable physicians to use the information to improve daily medical care (Scher 2004). The emergence of neurofeedback or EEG biofeedback has expanded the application of EEG for both cases with particular disorders or among healthy p articipants. EEG frequencies in neurofeedback can be controlled to influence certain cognitive performance and memory task, (Vernon et al. 2003). Interactive Brainwave Visual Analyzer (IBVA) is a form of biofeedback for the brain (neurofeedback). Its a training process of using technology to provide you with more information about what your body is doing than your ordinary senses provide. This feedback helps you learn to use your mind to develop greater control over your body, or, in the case of neurofeedback, your brain. IBVA detects brainwaves phasing at speeds measured in units of Hz for cycles per second between 0 and 60 Hz. It is used for sleep state and hypnosis analysis, image programming for sports training, super learning (photo reading) and for study. EEG biofeedback is effective in treating psychological disorders such as attention deficit, depression, chronic anxiety disorder, chronic alcoholics and neurological disorders like epilepsy. Patients with epilepsy that cannot be controlled by medication will often have surgery in order to remove the damaged tissue. The EEG plays an important role in localizing this tissue. Special electrodes can be inserted through the cortex or alternatively a grid of electrodes placed directly on the surface of the cortex. These recordings, often called Long Term Monitoring for Epilepsy (LTME), can be carried out for periods ranging from 24 hours to 1 week. The EEG recorded will indicate which areas of the brain should be surgically removed. (Smith n.d). Another important application of the EEG is used by anesthesiologist to monitor the depth of anesthesia. EEG measures taken during anesthesia exhibit stereotypic changes as anesthetic depth increases. These changes include complex patterns of loss of consciousness occurs (loss of responses to verbal commands and/or loss of righting reflex). As anesthetic depth increases from light surgical levels to deep anesthesia, the EEG exhibits disrupted rhythmic waveforms, high amplitude burst suppression activity, and finally, very low amplitude isoelectric or flat line activity. Quantitative EEG (QEEG) has come a long way in its relatively short life in terms of use in clinical practice. Now, as clinicians become aware of the scientific basis and power of using parametrically based measures of QEEG to assess an individual against age-matched populations, they find new ways to employ this technique. There are literally thousands of univariate electrophysiological measures that can be derived, transformed and normed into Z-scores (standard scores), to be used to indicate degrees of derivations from normal. QEEG offers a powerful application tool as a method for providing convergent evidence in the identification of clinical syndromes for individuals. Over the years, various clinicians using QEEG have attempted to establish brain maps to correspond with specific disorders such as learning disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD), chronic alcoholism and depression. While certain features may be associated with general types of impairments, the utilization of univariate sets of features have, to date, been unable to provide defining specific psychiatric disorders. Looking at only the univariate features without recognizing the full space of all deviant measures, one may not realize the particular cluster of measure that may contribute to specific disorders with distinct features. Multivariate statistical measurement sets encompass the space of regions by measurement, yielding distinctive complex patterns which yield greater sensitivity in discriminability. (Budzynski, Evans and Abarbanel 2008). The basic systems of an EEG machine include data collection, storage and display. The components of these systems include electrodes, connecting wires, a computer control module and a display device. The electrodes used can be either surface or needle electrodes. Needle electrodes provide greater signal clarity because they are injected directly into the body and this in turn eliminates signal muffling caused by the skin. Surface electrodes on the other hand are disposable models such as the tab, ring and bar electrodes as well as reusable disc and finger electrodes. These electrodes may also be combined into an electrode cap that is placed directly on the head (Romanowski 2002). EEG amplifiers convert weak signals from the brain into a more discernable signal for the output device. An amplifier may be set up as follows; a pair of electrodes detects the electrical signal from the body, wires connected to the electrodes transfer the signal to the first section of the amplifier (buffer amplifier). Here the signal is electronically stabilized and amplified by a factor of 5 10 and then next in line is a differential pre-amplifier that filters and amplifies the signal by a factor of 10 – 100. After passing through these amplifiers the signals are multiplied by hundreds or thousands of times. Multiple electrodes are used since the brain produces different signals at different points on the skull and the number of channels that an EEG machine has is related to the number of electrodes used. The amplifier is able to translate the different incoming signals and cancel out ones that are identical; this means that the output from the machine is actually the diff erence in electrical activity picked up by the two electrodes. This therefore means that the placement for each electrode is critical because the closer they are to each other the less differences in brainwaves will be recorded (Romanowski 2002). EEG SYSTEM LAYOUT (www.medicalengineer.com) Recording of the electrical activity in the brain takes place over a short period of time from where information is obtained from electrodes stationed at specific points on the patients head. Electrodes are placed on the scalp of the head usually after preparing the scalp area by light abrasion to reduce impedance due to dead skin cells. In order for the placement of these electrodes to be consistent throughout an internationally recognized method called the 10-20 System is followed. The 10 and the 20 gives the actual distances between adjacent electrodes. This distance can either be 10% or 20% of the total front-back or right-left distance of the skull, i.e. the nasion – inion and preauricular points respectively, http://www.neurocarelaunches.com. Specific measurements from bony landmarks (inion, nasion and preauricular point) are used to generate a system of lines, which run across the head and intersect at intervals of 10% or 20% of their total length as mentioned above. Th e standard set of electrodes consists of 21 recording electrodes and one ground electrode. The distance between the nasion and inion is measured along the midline and the frontopolar point, Fpz, is marked at 10% above the nasion. Frontal (Fz), central (Cz), parietal (Pz) and occipital (Oz) points are marked at intervals of 20% of the entire distance, leaving 10% for the interval between Oz and inion (see Diagram 1). The midline points Fpz and Oz routinely do not receive any electrode. The distance between two preauricular points across Cz is measured. Along this line, the transverse position for the central points C3 and C4 and the temporal points T3 and T4 are marked 20% and 40% respectively from the midline (see Diagram 2). The circumference of the head is measured form the occipital point (Oz) through temporal points T3 and T4 and the frontopolar point (Fpz). The longitudinal measurement for Fp1 is located on that circumference, 5% of the total length of the circumference to the left of Fpz. The longitudinal measurements for F7, T3, T5, O1, O2, T6, T4, F8 and Fp2 are at the distance of 10% of the circumference (see Diagram 3). An electrode is then placed on each of the two ear lobes. (Jasper 1958) and (Jasper 1983). In order for the EEG test to be a success and the best possible results obtained the preparation the patient must undergo is very basic since only a good night sleep before the test is needed along with a grease-free head on the morning of the test. However, it can get more technical should the patient be taking any medication and information on this medication must be passed on to the doctor. An EEG test may be done in a hospital or in a doctors office by an EEG technologist. Using the internationally recognized 10-20 system, the electrodes are placed on the patients head and the technologist can then put the patient through a variety of different tasks such as addition/subtraction of numbers, breathing deeply and rapidly or he can ask the person to wear a goggles sending out a strobe (bright flashing light). These tasks take place normally at 15-20 second durations with 30 second breaks in between. The electrodes attached to the patients head are connected by wires to a computer wh ich records the electrical activity in the brain. An EEG test can last between 1-2 hours and the results obtained from it can be read by a certified doctor known as a Neurologist. The results of an EEG test are in the form of waveforms which gives vital information about the patient. Waves can either be Alpha waves (frequency of 8 to 12 cycles per second), Beta waves (frequency of 14 to 50 cycles per second), Delta waves (frequency less than 5 cycles per second) or Theta waves (frequency of 4 to 7 cycles per second). Basic alpha waves, which originate in the cortex, can be recorded if the patient closes his eyes and put his brain at rest as much as possible. Beta activity is a normal activity present when the eyes are open or closed. It tends to be seen in the channels recorded from the centre or front of the head. Some drugs however, tend to increase the amount of beta activity in the EEG. Theta activity can be classified as both a normal and abnormal activity depending on the age and state of the patient. In adults it is normal if the patient is drowsy. However, it can also indicate brain dysfunction if it is seen in a patient who is alert and awake. In youn ger patients, theta activity may be the main activity seen in channels recorded from the back and central areas of the head. Delta activity is only normal in an adult patient if they are in a moderate to deep sleep. If it is seen at any other time it would indicate brain dysfunction. Abnormal activity may be seen in all or some channels depending on the underlying brain problem. The stroke or blow on the head. (Niedermeyer, Ernest and Lopes da Silva 2004). ALPHA WAVES BETA WAVES THETA WAVES DELTA WAVES (http://www.electropsychology.com) Each type of wave mentioned above gives us information about the patient, for example in a normal patient we tend to observe mainly alpha or beta waves since both sides of the brain show similar patterns of electrical activity. A normal person in this case is described as one who doesnt possess any of the following diseases or injuries; head injury, neurological disease, convulsions, drug abuse, alcohol abuse, memory difficulties, confusion, depression, delusions/hallucinations and learning disabilities. If the patient is abnormal you may find two sides of the brain giving different electrical activities and this may mean there is a problem in one side of the brain caused by a brain tumor, stroke, infection or epilepsy. EPILEPTIC SPIKES AND WAVE DISCHARGES MONITORED WITH EEG (http://www.webmd.com). A stroke, which is a sudden disruption in blood flow to brain, caused by blockage or bleeding of a blood vessel and Epilepsy which is a nervous system disorder, can cause abnormal electrical activity in the brain and this abnormality can be seen from the results of an EEG test. Another common disease which is on the escalation presently is Alcoholism. This disease is known as alcohol dependence syndrome i.e. the most severe stage of a group of drinking problems, and the person who has this disease is known as an alcoholic. Alcohol clearly affects the brain since impairments such as difficulty in walking, blurred vision, slurred speech, slowed reaction times and impaired memory are detectable after only one or two drinks and is quickly resolved when drinking stops. We do know that heavy drinking may have extensive and far-reaching effects on the brain ranging from simple slips in memory to permanent and debilitating conditions that require lifetime custodial care (White 2003). Accordi ng to the number 1 website for alcoholism, http://www.alcoholism.about.com, studies have shown that brains of alcoholics are smaller, lighter and shrunken when compared to that of a normal person. The cerebral cortex or gray matter in the brain controls all the complex mental activities and this is filled with neurons connected by single long fibers which make up the hard wiring of the brain. Heavy consumption of alcohol is particularly damaging on this hard wiring hence the reason why the brain becomes lighter and smaller and the alcoholic severe impairments. SCHEMATIC DRAWING OF THE HUMAN BRAIN, SHOWING REGIONS VULNERABLE TO ALCOHOLISM-RELATED ABNORMALITIES. (http://www.elvizy.com). Another major organ apart from the brain which alcohol affects is the liver. Long-term abusers of alcohol usually have some degree of liver damage, ranging in severity from asymptomatic and reversible fatty liver, through hepatitis and cirrhosis, to primary liver cell carcinoma, which is usually fatal. Evidence is accruing to suggest that this spectrum of disorders may be a progressive series of stages of increasing severity. Alcohol liver damage accounts for the vast majority of cases of cirrhosis in patients coming to autopsy. Further, mortality from cirrhosis is associated with national per capita levels of consumption. In North-American studies, alcoholic cirrhosis was one of the top five causes of mortality for people aged 25 to 64 years in the 1960s and 1970s. In 1992, Savolainen, Penttila and Karhunen investigated the relationship between alcohol intake and liver cirrhosis in Finland, where the per capita consumption rates doubles between 1969 and 1974. Rates of liver cirrhosi s mortality rose from 4.2 to 9.7 per 100,000 between 1968 and 1988. The mortality rate from cirrhosis has been estimated as between seven and thirteen times higher in alcoholics than in those who do not drink. Although it is more common in men than in women, there is evidence that liver disease progresses more rapidly in the female alcohol abuser (Knight and Longmore 1996). Alcoholics, they say, are not like helpless victims of measles or cancer. They may have impaired control but they can gain control through will-power and learning certain techniques. While the cause of alcoholism is unknown, a number of risk factors have been identified. These include; availability (Australian Aborigines illustrate the importance of availability of alcohol as a risk factor since when they were forbidden to drink there apparently was a low rate of alcohol abuse), family history (alcoholism in the family is probably the strongest predictor of alcoholism occurring in particular individuals), sex (st udies have confirmed higher incidence of alcoholism in men than in women), age (alcoholism in men usually develops in the teens, twenties and thirties while in women it often develops later), geography (people living in urban or suburban areas are more often alcoholics than those living in farms or in small towns), occupation (waiters, bartenders, Dockers, musicians, authors and reporters have relatively high cirrhosis rates whereas accountants, postmen and carpenters have relatively low rates), religion (almost all Jews and Episcopalians drink, but alcoholism among Jews is uncommon and appear relatively low among Episcopalians, whereas Irish Catholics in the USA and UK have high rates of alcoholism) and school difficulty ( secondary school dropouts have a record of being irritable and melancholy and experience feelings of guilt and remorse which drives them to become alcoholics. These lose interest in life and contemplate suicide which is a common outcome of alcoholism). People who have been drinking large amounts of alcohol for long periods of time run the risk of developing serious and persistent changes in the brain. Damage may be as a result of the alcohol on the brain or may result indirectly, from a poor health status or from severe liver disease (Goodwin 2000). Alcoholics are not all alike since they experience different degrees of impairment and the disease has different origins for different people. Consequently, researchers have not found conclusive evidence that any one variable is solely responsible for the brain deficits found in alcoholics. Characterizing what makes some alcoholics vulnerable to brain damage whereas others are not remains the subject of active research. The good news is that most alcoholics with cognitive impairment show at least some improvement in brain structure and functioning within a year of abstinence, though some people take much longer (Bates, Bowden and Barry 2002), (Gansler 2000) and (Sullivan 2000). Clinicians must consider a variety of treatment methods to help people stop drinking and to recover from alcohol related brain impairments, and tailor these treatments to the individual patient. Development of these therapies would occur over time with advancements in technology. Brain imaging techniques are u sed by medical doctors so that they can monitor the course of these therapies and see how successful they are. This monitoring is important since imaging can reveal information such as structural, functional and biochemical changes in the living patient over a period of time. Promising new medications also are in the early stages of development, as researchers strive to design therapies that can help prevent alcohols harmful effects and promote the growth of new brain cells to take the place of those that have been damaged by alcohol. OBJECTIVES Electroencephalogram or EEG is a tool used to image the brain while it is performing a cognitive task. This allows us to detect the location and magnitude of brain activity involved in the various types of cognitive functions we study. EEG allows us to view and record the changes in your brain activity during the time you are performing the task. Results from an EEG is extremely useful since Neurologists use this to diagnose seizure disorders (epilepsy), brain tumors, brain hemorrhage, cerebral infarct, head injury, sleep disorders and in confirming death in someone who is in a coma. (Tatum 2007). In this research project we have narrowed the study of the EEG to examine male alcoholic and non-alcoholic patients. The general objective of this project requires us to compare EEG results obtained from testing alcoholic and non-alcoholic patients at the Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex. An alcoholic is one who suffers from the disease known as alcoholism and cannot control how much they consume. Identification of one involves an objective assessment regarding the damage that imbibing alcohol does to the drinkers life compared with the subjective benefits the drinker perceives from consuming alcohol. While there are many cases where an alcoholics life has been significantly and obviously damaged, there are always borderline cases that can be difficult to classify. Apart from the general objective of this research project there were many smaller tasks which had to be completed in order for us to obtain successful results and hence fulfill our main objective. The first task of this research project entailed sourcing alcoholic and non-alcoholic volunteers to test. This was particularly important since the successfulness of this task would revolve solely around our general objective. However, once this first task was sorted out and patients were tested, from the results obtained we used analytical methods such as monopolar absolute power maps, coherence maps and chaos analysis to help us get a clearer illustration of the results and hence make the general objective much clearer. The second objective of this project required us to have sufficient background information on the EEG, the experimental methodology when conducting an EEG (10-20 System), analytical methods used to illustrate EEG results, alcoholism, EEG on alcoholics and other general topics revolving around the area of research. In order for this to be a success the necessary books, journals, websites had to be sourced and read before any practical work commenced. Once these two tasks were performed successfully, we then set out to obtain our general objective of analyzing and comparing EEG results of both alcoholics and non-alcoholics. LITERATURE REVIEW An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a test that measures and records the electrical activity of your brain by using surface biopotential electrodes. These electrodes are attached to the patients head and hooked by wires to a computer which records the brains electrical activity on the screen or on paper as wavy lines (waveforms). Among the basic waveforms are the alpha, beta, theta and delta rhythms. Alpha waves occur at a frequency of 8 to 12 cycles per second in a regular rhythm and are present only when you are awake but have your eyes closed. They normally disappear when you open your eyes or start concentrating mentally. Beta waves occur at a frequency of 13 to 30 cycles per second and are usually associated with the use of sedative medications. Theta waves occur at a frequency of 4 to 7 cycles per second and are most common in children and young adults. Delta waves occur at a frequency of 0.5 to 3.5 cycles per second and generally occur in young children or during deep sleep. Duri ng an EEG, typically about 20-30 minutes of activity are evaluated and special attention is paid to the basic waveforms, but brief bursts of energy and responses to stimuli, such as light are also examined, (The university of Texas medical branch, http://www.utmbhealthcare.org). Results from an EEG test can tell a lot about the patient and is a read by a neurologist. The waves recorded can be classified as normal or abnormal. Abnormal waves can indicate medical problems, whereas different types of normal waves can indicate various states or activity levels. The value of understanding the normal EEG lies in developing the foundation to provide a clinical basis for identifying abnormality. Knowledge of normal waveform variations, variants of normal EEG that are of uncertain significance, and fluctuations of normal EEG throughout the lifecycle from youth to the aged are essential to provide an accurate impression for clinical interpretation. When abnormality is in doubt, a conservation impression of normal is proper. EEG produces a graphic display of a difference in voltages from two sites of brain functions recorded over time. Extra cranial EEG provides a broad survey of the electrocerebral activity throughout both hemispheres of the brain while intracranial E EG provides focused EEG recording directly from the brain through surgically implanted electrodes that are targeted at specific regions of the brain. (Tatum 2007). Information about a diffuse or focal cerebral dysfunction, the presence of interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs), or patterns of special significance may be revealed from an abnormal EEG. For the successful interpretation of an abnormal EEG, one must first understand the criteria necessary to define normal patterns. While a normal EEG does not exclude a clinical diagnosis (i.e. epilepsy), an abnormal finding on an EEG may be supportive of a diagnosis (i.e. in epilepsy), be indicative of cerebral dysfunction (i.e. focal or generalized slowing), or have nothing to do with the reason that the study was performed (i.e. in headache). It is in the clinical application of the EEG findings that imparts the utility of EEG. (Tatum 2007). Two important applications involving EEG wave classification are diagnosis of sleep disorde rs and construction of brain-computer interfaces to assist disabled people with daily living tasks. Sleep occupies roughly one-third of a persons life and is indispensable for health and well-being. Sleep apnea is a disorder characterized by a ten-second or longer pauses in breathing during sleep. A person with sleep apnea cannot self-diagnose the presence of this disorder so in order to make diagnoses for sleep disorders, physicians usually need to study patients sleep patterns through sleep recording. A typical sleep recording has multiple channels of EEG waves coming from the electrodes placed on the subjects head. The waves from a healthy subject are stable about zero and show relatively high variability and low correlation whilst the waves from a person with sleep difficulty show less variability and higher correlation. Measuring EEG signals is a non-intrusive procedure since it does not cause any pain to the subject. Sleep staging is the pattern recognition task of classifying sleep recordings into sleep stages continuously over time and is performed by a sleep stager. These sleep stages include rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep, four levels of non-REM sleep and being awake. Sleep staging is crucial for the diagnosis and treatment of various sleep disorders. In order to make many EEG-based applications practical enough for routine use, it is necessary to achieve high accuracy in EEG wave classification. For physicians specializing in sleep disorders, improving sleep stage classification accuracy can increase both their diagnostic accuracy and the speed with which they make diagnosis. (Min and Luo. n.d). DIAGRAM SHOWING EEG SLEEP PATTERNS, (http://www.benbest.com) Brain-Computer interfaces (BCIs) are currently being developed to facilitate the control of computers by people who are disabled. As disabled people think about what they want to have the computer do, their thinking is classified based on their EEG waves and corresponding instructions are automatically executed by the computer. Accurate EEG wave classification is a critical requirement for computers to receive correct instructions. There are various kinds of BCIs with the most promising one being the P300 BCI using EEG signals. This is so because of its non-invasiveness, ease of use, portability and low set-up cost. In neuroscience, P300 refers to a neutrally-evoked potential component of EEG. (Min and Luo. n.d). Quantitative EEG signal analysis involves the transformation of the EEG signal into numerical values that can be used to examine selected EEG features. Once a specific feature of the EEG has been quantified, it can be displayed using various graphical methods such as topographic mapping or spectral trend monitoring. Other applications of quantitative analysis include automated event detection, intraoperative or ICU monitoring, and source localization. Normative databases of quantitative EEG features (such as the peak alpha rhyth m frequency or amount of alpha reactivity) can be used for statistical comparisons in research studies. Statistical quantitative EEG analysis is not yet considered reliable as an independent measure of abnormal brain function for clinical purposes. Topographic mapping refers to the graphical display of the distribution of a particular EEG feature over the scalp or cortical surface. Advanced forms of topographic mapping attempt to display EEG activity as it might be seen at the cortical surface by superimposing a color or gray scale image of the EEG feature onto the cortical surface image taken from the subjects MRI. More simplified forms of topographic mapping create a graphic display of an EEG feature over an imaginary head surface. All methods of topographic mapping depend heavily on montage construction. (Fisch and Spehlmann 1999). DIAGRAM SHOWING AN EEG TOPOGRAPHIC MAP, (http://www.cerebromente.org) Automated event detection is a form of quantitative analysis in which certain signal characteristics are used to classify an EEG change. It is most commonly applied to the detection of electrographic seizures during epilepsy monitoring. Intraoperative EEG monitoring is performed using continuous routine EEG visual inspection alone or in combination with quantitative EEG monitoring. The most common application of intraoperative EEG monitoring is for ca

Technology in A Brave New World Essay -- Brave New World

Technology in A Brave New World Technology is defined as using the entire body of science, methods, and materials to achieve an end. Technology, or techne, is so preoccupied with weather it can, it never considers if it should. In "Of Techne and Episteme," a article on technology and humanities, the author Eddy warns us that a society without epistemological thinking would lead to a society of "skilled barbarians." This is the topic of the novel Brave New World in which Aldous Huxley portrays a future world where babies are manufactured on an assembly line and put into a social class while they are still embryos in a test tube. As children they are engineered to be content with their rank in this world where love, viviparous reproduction, and knowledge of anything beyond your job serves no purpose. A look at Brave New World supports Eddy's beliefs on the importance of humanities in society because of unethical genetic experimentation and the character's lack of individuality.  ...

Serving as One

There are five different options to choose from when deciding to serve the United States of America and the decision can be quite challenging when signing the dotted line. Most people will base their decision off family or friend affiliation with a particular branch, thorough research, or simply because a branch would get them into basic training sooner. Due to a personal experience deploying with the Army as an Air Force member and seeing first-hand how each branch operates was an eye opening experience. There are a variety of options and all five branches are ultimately serving as one; the United States Air Force and the United States Army are two very different branches, but also have key similarities. One obvious contrasting factor between the Air Force and the Army is that the two branches wear different uniforms. In the Army, members will wear a uniform known as the Army Combat Uniform, but in the Air Force members will wear a uniform called the Airman Battle Uniform. Although these branches wear different uniforms individuals are required to meet the same dress and appearance standards. For example, members from both branches are required to keep a sharp appearance such as the men having a high and tight hair cut not to exceed one and a half inches in bulk; females are required to wear their hair in a neat bun, not to exceed three inches in bulk, and their hair should not touch their collar. These branches wear different uniforms, but it is guaranteed that the local community will still ask airmen when they joined the Army. The Air Force is more commonly known as the United States' air power while the Army is known for its ground power when at war. These are based on factual statements, but the Army does in fact have a fleet of helicopters which assists them more closely to the ground; people are familiar with the Black Hawk or Apache. In the same instance, the Air Force is known for its' fighter jets and bombers, but also have tactical ground fighting units known as TACP and Security Forces. The Air Force's primary mission is to fly, fight, and win†¦ n air, space, and cyberspace. On the other hand, the Army’s mission is to fight and win our nation’s wars by providing prompt, sustained land dominance across the full range of military operations and spectrum of conflict in support of combatant commanders. Clearly these two branches have different mission statements, but in the end, they are equally attempting to accomplish the same mission, which is to win at war. The Army and Air Forc e both deploy to locations overseas to mainly support Operation Enduring Freedom based in Afghanistan. Depending on the tempo of the mission, a normal deployment for the Army would be nine months, but the Air Force will deploy for six months. When transitioning to an overseas location Army personnel will deploy as a battalion, sometimes even as much as a brigade, which is equivalent to the Air Force's squadron. The difference is that Air Force personnel will deploy as individuals rather than a squadron which is a much easier process. On the other hand, members from each branch can be tasked as one which is known as a joint tasking. Air Force personnel can be tasked to deploy with the Army; medics from the Air Force can be tasked to the Army and become combat medics after completing the necessary training. When tasked for a joint deployment, the member is required to follow the same standards as that particular branch. Individuals may of truly desired to join a specific branch, but do not be shocked seeing branches tasked to deploy as one! Citizens should understand the variances and resemblances amongst branches of the military, and also have a solid understanding that personnel from each branch have made a sacrifice to serve in the military. Altogether branches of the United States are unique; no branch is superior over the other which seems to be a popular argument when members are in the same room together. There are countless topics that could have been discussed about the particular subject, but the articles mentioned seem to stick out to society. It truly is one military serving the beautiful United States of America. In the end, both branches have their own way of getting the job done, but as discussed they share obvious similarities.

Women in Policing Essay Example

Women in Policing Essay Example Women in Policing Essay Women in Policing Essay This research originates with a question or problem: Women police officers experience disparate treatment. The research will address and identify the social causes and effects of how the occurrence of disparate treatment of women officers correlates with discrimination, sexual harassment, advancement limits and retention problems. The goal of this research Is articulated as: It Is a goal of society for law enforcement agencies to represent the communities they serve. In order to achieve this goal, it is important for law enforcement agencies to identify and address the adverse affects of disparate treatment of women in law enforcement. Research on the problem of aspirate treatment of women officers in law enforcement follows a specific plan. The research begins with problem formation and a topic outline. The research design is explained in the introduction thesis and the outline defines the research question. The research divides the problem into sub-problems. A cause and effect analysis was chosen to Identify the social causes and effects of how the occurrence of disparate treatment of women officers correlates with the subtopics of discrimination, sexual harassment, advancement limits and retention problems. Research objectives were guided by the cause and effect analysis of the problem by utilizing the analysis to formulate research question and hypothesis. The research objectives were guided by a literature review. A hypothesis is advanced about what is expected to happen in the research. The research is designed to look at the relationship between disparate treatment of women police officers and discrimination, sexual harassment, advancement limits and retention problems. This research Is designed to assess the hypothesis, Women police officers experience disparate treatment. This research accepts certain critical assumptions. The 1 org research Is millennial Decease AT ten vitality AT ten assumptions. I en statement AT assumptions as the foundation of the research is as follows, This research is designed to assess the hypothesis that women police officers experience disparate treatment. To understand the implications of these critical assumptions for theory and research, experiences and attitudes of sample groups of male and women officers were explored. A method and content analysis of survey data revealed conclusions which supported the hypothesis. Implications of the research of disparate treatment of women police officers will be discussed in the report findings and discussion. This discussion incorporates other researchers views with a dialogue of how the literature review relates to the research being conducted. The research methodology will conceptualize the disparate treatment of women officers in law enforcement. Specific research procedures, such as survey questions, were developed which resulted in empirical observations representing those concepts in the real world. The literature review provides a detailed identification of the overall relevance to existing research as it relates to empirical research of the adverse affects associated tit disparate treatment of women officers in law enforcement. The harms of under representation of women in policing include discrimination, sexual harassment, advancement limits, retention problems, damaged community relations, ineffective response to violence against women, and the excessive force complaints that accompany a void of women in policing. In order to discuss the current status of women in law enforcement, it is important to review the history of women in the profession. Law enforcement has traditionally been a male dominated field ever since the mid-19th century and has been slow to accept women into its ranks. Women in policing make up less than 15 percent of all police officers in the United States (Harrington 2001). Women face many obstacles, and yet have brought about changes in policing. The Jobs available to policewomen were limited until the Civil Rights Act of 1964, (Essen 1999). In the early sasss, law enforcement agencies only hired men as police officers. This was a result of societys view that women were not fit to be police officers (Harrington and Lindsay 2006). In 1971 women accounted for only 1. 4 percent of all police officers. Today women in policing make up more than 13 recent of police officers. Women have made progress in their numbers in recent years but women are still underrepresented in all ranks in policing and women face many obstacles. The Supreme Court applied Title VII of the Civil Rights Act to law enforcement in 1972. Agencies could be sued for discriminating against qualified women. In some cases, the courts issued consent decrees which forced agencies to hire qualified women. Many law enforcement agencies used height and weight limits to prevent women from meeting the qualifications until the courts struck down this practice in 1977 in Dotard vs.. Rawlins. The International Association of Chiefs of Police (CAP) conducted a survey and found that women in policing are both underused and undervalued in law enforcement. While they said that the number of women in policing is growing and progressing through the ranks, it also revealed that there are too few women in law enforcement, woman police officers still face Elocutionary tattletales Trot male emcees, police agencies lack strategies Tort recruiting women, woman police officers face advancement limits, sexual harassment still occurs in many departments, there are few mentoring programs for female officers and women make valuable contributions to community policing.

Ezzz Essays - Logic Families, Digital Electronics, Free Essays

Ezzz Essays - Logic Families, Digital Electronics, Free Essays Ezzz Discussion: A logic gate performs a logical operation on one or more logic inputs and produces a single logic output. The logic is called Boolean logic and is most commonly found indigital circuits. Logic gates are primarily implemented electronically using diodes or transistors, but can also be constructed using electromagnetic relays (relay logic), fluidic logic, pneumatic logic, optics, molecules, or even mechanical elements. The simplest form of electronic logic is diode logic. A Digital Logic Gate is an electronic device that makes logical decisions based on the different combinations of digital signals present on its inputs. A digital logic gate may have more than one input but only has one digital output. Standard commercially available digital logic gates are available in two basic families or forms, TTL which stands for Transistor-Transistor Logic such as the 7400 series, andCMOS which stands for Complementary Metal-Oxide-Silicon which is the 4000 series of chips. This notation of TTL o r CMOS refers to the logic technology used to manufacture the integrated circuit, (IC) or a "chip" as it is more commonly called.

End of Course Assignment. Financial Markets and Risk Assignment

End of Course . Financial Markets and Risk - Assignment Example A number of recessions or financial crisis that has been witnessed across the globe is as a result of the Systematically Important Financial Institutions. It is axiomatic to argue that the financial crises of 2007/2008 just like the financial crisis of the 1930’s post a great dilemma for many observers and the world at large. Whether unprecedented or otherwise, the truth is that it brought with it great damage to the society. (Taylor, 2011) Adopting some of the best priorities to deal with the issues and avoid a repeat of the same is the main focus of different policy makers globally. The first section of the paper discusses the Systematically Important Financial Institution and threat they pose to the economy. The second phase looks at the 2007/2008 economic crisis and how the Systematically Important Financial Institution was responsible for it. It goes further to recommend some of the best ways to deal with the problem in the future. The definition and structure of the Systematically Important Financial Institution is dependent on the potential of the institution to cause financial destruction. An institution becomes more relevant when it has a high level or probability to cause serious destruction to the economy. On the positive side, Systematically Important Financial Institution is defined going by their relevant viability in leading to a smooth growth and functioning of an economy. Therefore the positive looks at the good part with regards to positive effects to the entire population. Both negative and positive sides reflect the question on whether the Systematically Important Financial Institution are necessary and are indispensable to any financial system or whether they are dangerous and should be done away with. In other words, Systematically Important Financial Institution can create some of the best sides of the

Social Function of Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Function of Art - Essay Example The Art functions in two ways. First is Non Motivated function of Art and the second is Motivated function of Art.Non Motivated function of the art serves no specific purpose and utility. As Aristotle defines it, imitation is one instinct of human nature, therefore creativity is human instinct and it by no means has motivated purpose. Experience of mystics, expression of imagination and universal communication all these are the examples of aesthetic attributes of an individual, there is no reasoning and logic but are meant solely for pleasure. Motivated function of the art, on the other hand, refers to the intentional and conscious actions on the part of the artist. It could be to communicate major social change, political view and specific emotions. Art is a source of entertainment and communication. The nineteenth century saw new developments in the art forms. The three major movements in the art form in this century were-Neoclassicism, Romanticism and Impressionism. As discussed e arlier, art is the expression of change or response to the change in the society. The world was going through rapid urbanization during this era and various art movements are the reflection of the way world responded to the change. For instance, the Neoclassicism was the intellectual movement that was inspired by the of Classicists of Greece and Rome. The art of this movement is identified by its idealized form and stable composition. The artists recognised themselves above other members of the society as pathfinders’ .